fonksiyonel grup ne demek?

Organik kimyada fonksiyonel grup, içinde bulundukları moleküllerin karakteristik kimyasal tepkimelerinden sorumlu belli atom gruplarıdır. Aynı fonksiyonel grup aynı veya benzer kimyasal tepkimere girer, ait olduğu molekülün büyüklüğünden bağımsız olarak.

Aşağıda en yaygın fonksiyonel grupların bir listesi bulunmaktadır. Bu formüllerde R ve R' sembolleri bir alkil grubunu temsil eder.

Temel biyolojide sözü geçen gruplar için temel fonksiyonel gruplar listesine bakınız.

<table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th><p><a href="Kimyasal_sınıf" title="wikilink">Kimyasal sınıf</a></p></th> <th><p>Grup</p></th> <th><p>Formül</p></th> <th><p>Yapısal formül</p></th> <th><p>Ön ek</p></th> <th><p>Son ek</p></th> <th><p>Örnek</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Asil_halojenür" title="wikilink">Asil halojenür</a></p></td> <td><p>Haloformil</p></td> <td><p>RCOX</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>haloformil-</p></td> <td><p>-oyl halojenür</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Asetil_klorür" title="wikilink">Asetil klorür</a> <em>(Etanoyl klorür)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Alkol" title="wikilink">Alkol</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Hidroksil" title="wikilink">Hidroksil</a></p></td> <td><p>ROH</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>hidroksi-</p></td> <td><p>-ol</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Metanol" title="wikilink">Metanol</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Aldehit" title="wikilink">Aldehit</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Aldehit" title="wikilink">Aldehit</a></p></td> <td><p>RCHO</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>okso-</p></td> <td><p>-al</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Asetaldehit" title="wikilink">Asetaldehit</a> <em>(Etanal)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Alkan" title="wikilink">Alkan</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Alkil" title="wikilink">Alkil</a></p></td> <td><p>RH</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>alkil-</p></td> <td><p>-an</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Metan" title="wikilink">Metan</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Alken" title="wikilink">Alken</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Alken" title="wikilink">Alkenil</a></p></td> <td><p>R₂C=CR₂</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>alkenil-</p></td> <td><p>-en</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Etilen" title="wikilink">Etilen</a> <em>(Eten)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Alkin" title="wikilink">Alkin</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Alkin" title="wikilink">Alkinil</a></p></td> <td><p>RC≡CR'</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>alkinil-</p></td> <td><p>-in</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Asetilen" title="wikilink">Asetilen</a> <em>(Etin)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Amid" title="wikilink">Amid</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Karboksamid" title="wikilink">Karboksamid</a></p></td> <td><p>RCONR₂</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>karboksamido-</p></td> <td><p>-amid</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Asetamid" title="wikilink">Asetamid</a> <em>(Etanamid)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Amin" title="wikilink">Aminler</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="amin" title="wikilink">Birincil amin</a></p></td> <td><p>RNH₂</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>amino-</p></td> <td><p>-amin</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Metilamin" title="wikilink">Metilamin</a> <em>(Metanamin)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="amin" title="wikilink">İkincil amin</a></p></td> <td><p>R₂NH</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>amino-</p></td> <td><p>-amin</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Dimetilamin" title="wikilink">Dimetilamin</a></p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="amin" title="wikilink">Üçüncül amin</a></p></td> <td><p>R₃N</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>amino-</p></td> <td><p>-amine</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Trimetilamin" title="wikilink">Trimetilamin</a></p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Dördüncül_amonyum_katyonu" title="wikilink">4° amonyum iyonu</a></p></td> <td><p>R₄N⁺</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>amonyo-</p></td> <td><p>-amonyum</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Kolin" title="wikilink">Kolin</a></p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Azid" title="wikilink">Azid</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Azid" title="wikilink">Azid</a></p></td> <td><p>RN₃</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>azido-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>azid</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Fenil_azid" title="wikilink">Fenil azid</a> (Azidobenzen)</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Azo_bileşikleri" title="wikilink">Azo bileşikleri</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Azo_bileşikleri" title="wikilink">Azo (Diimid)</a></p></td> <td><p>RN₂R'</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>azo-</p></td> <td><p>-diazen</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Metil_turuncu" title="wikilink">Metil turuncu</a> (p-dimetilamino-azobenzensülfonik asit)</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Tolüen" title="wikilink">Tolüen türevi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Benzil" title="wikilink">Benzil</a></p></td> <td><p>RCH₂C₆H₅ RBn</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>benzyl-</p></td> <td><p>1-(<em>substituent</em>)tolüen</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Benzyl_bromür" title="wikilink">Benzyl bromür</a> <em>(1-Bromotolüen)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Karbonat_ester" title="wikilink">Karbonat</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Karbonat_ester" title="wikilink">Karbonat ester</a></p></td> <td><p>ROCOOR</p></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>karbonat</strong></p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Karboksilik_asit" title="wikilink">Karboksilat</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Karboksilate" title="wikilink">Karboksilate</a></p></td> <td><p>RCOO⁻</p></td> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>karboksi-</p></td> <td><p>-oat</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Sodyum_asetat" title="wikilink">Sodyum asetat</a> <em>(Sodyum etanoat)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Karboksilik_asit" title="wikilink">Karboksilik asit</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Karboksil" title="wikilink">Karboksil</a></p></td> <td><p>RCOOH</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>karboksi-</p></td> <td><p>-oik asit</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Asetik_asit" title="wikilink">Asetik asit</a> <em>(Etanoik asit)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Siyanat" title="wikilink">Siyanatlar</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Siyanat" title="wikilink">Siyanat</a></p></td> <td><p>ROCN</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>Siyanato-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>siyanat</strong></p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Tiosiyanat" title="wikilink">Tiosiyanat</a></p></td> <td><p>RSCN</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>tiyosiyanato-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>tiyosiyanat</strong></p></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Disülfür_bağı" title="wikilink">Disülfür</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Disülfür" title="wikilink">Disülfür</a></p></td> <td><p>RSSR'</p></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><p>alkil alkil disülfür</p></td> <td><p><a href="Sistamin" title="wikilink">Sistamin</a> <em>(2,2'-Ditiyobis(etilamin))</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Eter" title="wikilink">Eter</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Eter" title="wikilink">Eter</a></p></td> <td><p>ROR'</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>alkoksi-</p></td> <td><p>alkil alkil <strong>eter</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Dietil_eter" title="wikilink">Dietil eter</a> <em>(Etoksietan)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Ester" title="wikilink">Ester</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Ester" title="wikilink">Ester</a></p></td> <td><p>RCOOR'</p></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><p>alkil alkan<strong>oat</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Etil_bütirat" title="wikilink">Etil bütirat</a> <em>(Etil bütanoat)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Haloalkan" title="wikilink">Haloalkan</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Halojen" title="wikilink">Halo</a></p></td> <td><p>RX</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>halo-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>halojenür</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Kloroetan" title="wikilink">Kloroetan</a> <em>(Etil klorür)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Organik_peroksit" title="wikilink">Hidroperoksit</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Organik_peroksit" title="wikilink">Hydroperoksi</a></p></td> <td><p>ROOH</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>hidroperoksi-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>hidroperoksit</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Metil_etil_keton_peroksit" title="wikilink">Metil etil keton peroksit</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="İmin" title="wikilink">İmin</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="imin" title="wikilink">birincil ketimin</a></p></td> <td><p>RC(=NH)R'</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>imino-</p></td> <td><p>-imin</p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="imin" title="wikilink">İkincil ketimin</a></p></td> <td><p>RC(=NR'')R'</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>imino-</p></td> <td><p>-imin</p></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="imin" title="wikilink">birincil aldimin</a></p></td> <td><p>RC(=NH)H</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>imino-</p></td> <td><p>-imin</p></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="imine" title="wikilink">İkincil aldimin</a></p></td> <td><p>RC(=NR')H</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>imino-</p></td> <td><p>-imin</p></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="İmid" title="wikilink">İmid</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="İmid" title="wikilink">İmid</a></p></td> <td><p>RC(=O)NC(=O)R'</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>imido-</p></td> <td><p>-imid</p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="İsosiyanür" title="wikilink">İsosiyanür</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="İzosiyanür" title="wikilink">İzosiyanür</a></p></td> <td><p>RNC</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>izosiyano-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>izosiyanür</strong></p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="İzosiyanat" title="wikilink">İzosiyanatlar</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="İzosiyanat" title="wikilink">İzosiyanat</a></p></td> <td><p>RNCO</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>isosiyanato-</p></td> <td><p>alkyl <strong>izosiyanat</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Metil_izosiyanat" title="wikilink">Metil izosiyanat</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="İsotiosiyanat" title="wikilink">İsotiosiyanat</a></p></td> <td><p>RNCS</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>izotiyosiyanato-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>izotiyosiyanat</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Alil_izotiyosiyanat" title="wikilink">Alil izotiyosiyanat</a></p></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Keton" title="wikilink">Keton</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Karbonil" title="wikilink">Karbonil</a></p></td> <td><p>RCOR'</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>keto-, okso-</p></td> <td><p>-on</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Metil_etil_keton" title="wikilink">Metil etil keton</a> <em>(Butanon)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Nitrat" title="wikilink">Nitrat</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Nitrat" title="wikilink">Nitrat</a></p></td> <td><p>RONO₂</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>nitrooksi-, nitroksi-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>nitrat</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Amil_nitrat" title="wikilink">Amil nitrat</a> <em>(1-nitrooksipentan)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Nitril" title="wikilink">Nitril</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Nitril" title="wikilink">Nitril</a></p></td> <td><p>RCN</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>siyano-</p></td> <td><p>alkan<strong>nitril</strong> alkil <strong>siyanür</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Benzonitril" title="wikilink">Benzonitril</a> <em>(Fenil siyanür)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Nitrit" title="wikilink">Nitrit</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Nitrit" title="wikilink">Nitrosooksi</a></p></td> <td><p>RONO</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>nitrosooksi-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>nitrit</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Amil_nitrit" title="wikilink">Amil nitrit</a> <em>(3-metil-1-nitrosooksibutan)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Nitro_bileşiği" title="wikilink">Nitro bileşiği</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Nitro_fonksiyonel_grubu" title="wikilink">Nitro</a></p></td> <td><p>RNO₂</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>nitro-</p></td> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p> <a href="Nitrometan" title="wikilink">Nitrometan</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Nitroso" title="wikilink">Nitroso bileşiği</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Nitroso" title="wikilink">Nitroso</a></p></td> <td><p>RNO</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>nitroso-</p></td> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p> <a href="Nitrosobenzen" title="wikilink">Nitrosobenzen</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Organik_peroksit" title="wikilink">Peroksit</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Organik_peroksit" title="wikilink">Peroksi</a></p></td> <td><p>ROOR</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>peroksi-</p></td> <td><p>alkil <strong>peroksit</strong></p></td> <td><p> <a href="Di-tert-butil_peroksit" title="wikilink">Di-tert-butil peroksit</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Benzen" title="wikilink">Benzen türevi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Fenil" title="wikilink">Fenil</a></p></td> <td><p>RC₆H₅</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>fenil-</p></td> <td><p>-benzen</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Kümen" title="wikilink">Kümen</a> <em>(2-fenilpropan)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Fosfin" title="wikilink">Fosfin</a></p></td> <td><p>Fosfino</p></td> <td><p>R₃P</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>fosfino-</p></td> <td><p>-fosfan</p></td> <td><p> Metilpropilfosfan</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Fosfodiester_bağları" title="wikilink">Fosfodiester</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Fosfat" title="wikilink">Fosfat</a></p></td> <td><p>HOPO(OR)₂</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>fosforik asit di(<em>substituent</em>) ester</p></td> <td><p>di(<em>substituent</em>) hydrojenfosfat</p></td> <td><p><a href="DNA" title="wikilink">DNA</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Fosfonik_asit" title="wikilink">Fosfonik asit</a></p></td> <td><p>Fosfono</p></td> <td><p>RP(=O)(OH)₂</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>fosfono-</p></td> <td><p><em>substituent</em> fosfonic asit</p></td> <td><p> Benzilfosfonik asit</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Fosfat" title="wikilink">Fosfat</a></p></td> <td><p>Fosfat</p></td> <td><p>ROP(=O)(OH)₂</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>fosfo-</p></td> <td></td> <td><p> <a href="Gliseraldehit_3-fosfat" title="wikilink">Gliseraldehit 3-fosfat</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Piridin" title="wikilink">Piridin türevi</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Piridin" title="wikilink">Piridil</a></p></td> <td><p>RC₅H₄N</p></td> <td><p> </p></td> <td><p>4-pyridil (pyridin-4-il)</p> <p>3-pyridil (pyridin-3-il)</p> <p>2-pyridil (pyridin-2-il)</p></td> <td><p>-pyridine</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Nikotin" title="wikilink">Nikotin</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Sulfür" title="wikilink">Sulfür</a></p></td> <td></td> <td><p>RSR'</p></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><p>di(<em>substituent</em>) sülfür</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Dimetil_sülfür" title="wikilink">Dimetil sülfür</a></p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Sülfon" title="wikilink">Sülfon</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Sülfon" title="wikilink">Sülfonil</a></p></td> <td><p>RSO₂R'</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>sülfonil-</p></td> <td><p>di(<em>ornatık</em>) sülfon</p></td> <td><p> Dimetil sülfon <em>(<a href="Metilsülfonilmetan" title="wikilink">Metilsülfonilmetan</a>)</em></p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Sülfonik_asit" title="wikilink">Sülfonik asit</a></p></td> <td><p>Sülfo</p></td> <td><p>RSO₃H</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>sülfo-</p></td> <td><p><em>substituent</em> <strong>sülfonik asit</strong></p></td> <td><p> Benzensülfonik asit</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><a href="Sülfoksit" title="wikilink">Sülfoksit</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Sülfoksit" title="wikilink">Sülfinil</a></p></td> <td><p>RSOR'</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>sülfinil-</p></td> <td><p>di(<em>ornatık</em>) <strong>sülfoksit</strong></p></td> <td><p> Difenil sülfoksit</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p><a href="Tiyol" title="wikilink">Tiyol</a></p></td> <td><p><a href="Tiyol" title="wikilink">Sülfhidril</a></p></td> <td><p>RSH</p></td> <td></td> <td><p>merkapto-, sülfanil-</p></td> <td><p>-tiol</p></td> <td><p> <a href="Etantiyol" title="wikilink">Etantiyol</a> <em>(Etil merkaptan)</em></p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

Fonksiyonel grupların isimlerini alkanlarınkiyle birleştirmek organik bileşikleri isimlendirmek için güçlü bir adlandırma sistemi yaratır.

Fonksiyonel grupların hidrojen olmayan atomları birbirleriyle ve molekülün geri kalanı ile kovalent bağlarla bağlıdır. Atomlar grubu molekülün kalan kısmıyla iyonik kuvvetle bağlanmışsa bu atom grubu çokatomlu iyon veya kompleks iyon olarak adlandırmak daha doğrudur. Bu atom gruplarına toplu olarak radikal denir, serbest radikal terimi bundan türetilmiştir.

Fonksiyonel grubun bağlı olduğu karbona alfa karbon denir.

Fonksiyonel gruplar organik moleküllerin omurgalarına bağlı olurlar. Molekülün özelliklerini ve kimyasal tepkimelerini belirlerler. Fonksiyonel gruplar karbon omurgadan daha az kararlıdır ve kimyasal tepkimeye girmeye daha eğilimlidirler.

Dış bağlantılar

• IUPAC ligand kısaltmaları (pdf)
• IUPAC Gold Book (Kimya terminolojisi hülasası)
• IUPAC Blue Book (Organik isimlendirme)

Orijinal kaynak: fonksiyonel grup. Creative Commons Atıf-BenzerPaylaşım Lisansı ile paylaşılmıştır.

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